In this Deep Dive Session, Dr. Jaco Joubert provides a comprehensive overview of the hematological effects of cannabis use, discussing the impact on various blood component, vascular endothelium, and drug interactions. Dr. Leriska Haupt then delves into the relationship between cigarette smoking and diseases such as polycythemia, leukocytosis, and thrombosis. Discussion then turns to emerging cigarette alternatives and their potential effects on the hematological system.